IPLUSO 19570

Cytohistochemical Techniques

• ApresentaçãoPresentation

  The physicochemical mechanisms of most histological stains are currently clarified. Histological staining methods, from acid dyes to metal impregnation, involve broadly similar physicochemical principles. The main theories on common staining procedures will be described and discussed, for the correct preparation and analysis of tissues in order to diagnose pathologies and cooperate in research activities, within the required quality parameters, as well as to facilitate the rational trouble-shooting, if problems are encountered.
• ProgramaProgramme

  Theory of staining: composition of white light, complementary colours, bathochromic and hypsochromic effects, natural and synthetic dyes, chemical structure, functional groups, classification, auxochromes, and chromophores. Mechanisms of dye binding to tissue components and factors influencing differential staining. Direct and indirect staining, progressive and regressive staining, heavy metal impregnation, and metachromasia. Histochemistry: connective tissue, carbohydrates, amyloid, lipids, pigments, precipitates, infectious agents, and nucleic acids. Enzymatic histochemistry: principles and applications in the demonstration of enzymatic activity. Digital pathology applied to cytohistochemical techniques: fundamentals, Whole Slide Imaging, image acquisition and management, influence of staining on digital quality, quantitative histochemical and histoenzymatic analysis, artefacts, quality control, artificial intelligence, telepathology, digital teaching, and integration with molecular pat
• ObjectivosObjectives

  Know and understand the main staining and impregnation techniques for cells and tissues, as well as their application in anatomic pathology diagnosis and research. Identify the biochemical characteristics of cellular and tissue components that support their demonstration by cytohistochemical methods. Describe the principles of histochemical methods applied to the demonstration of different tissue components and molecules, recognizing their usefulness in diagnostic Pathology. Identify factors that influence the quality of cytohistochemical and histoenzymatic techniques. Describe methods for assessing enzymatic activity in tissues. Observe, interpret, and evaluate cytohistochemical and histoenzymatic microscopic preparations in a practical context. Recognize the influence of staining quality on digital image acquisition and understand principles of computational analysis, segmentation, and digital quantification.
• BibliografiaBibliography

  Suvarna, S. K., Layton, C. L., & Bancroft, J. D. (2019). Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques (8th ed.). Elsevier. Kiernan, J. A. (2015). Histological and Histochemical Methods (5th ed.). Scion Publishing. Carson, F. L., & Hladik, C. (2021). Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text (5th ed.). ASCP Press. Pantanowitz, L., et al. (2020). Review of the current state of whole slide imaging in pathology. Journal of Pathology Informatics. Bera, K., Schalper, K. A., Rimm, D. L., Velcheti, V., & Madabhushi, A. (2019). Artificial Intelligence in Digital Pathology. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 16, 703-715. College of American Pathologists. (2021). Validating Whole Slide Imaging for Diagnostic Purposes. European Society of Digital and Integrative Pathology (ESDIP). Recommendations for Digital Pathology.
• MetodologiaMethodology

  Innovative methodologies supporting the teaching-learning process favour an active, practical, and student-centred approach, linking theoretical knowledge with laboratory application in cytohistochemical techniques. Problem-based learning and laboratory case studies develop technical reasoning, analytical capacity, and problem-solving related to staining, impregnation, and interpretation of cellular and tissue components. The use of microscopic images, digital slides, multimedia resources, simulations, technical demonstrations, and guided discussion of artefacts supports the understanding of procedures and the critical assessment of results. The integration of digital platforms, Whole Slide Imaging, computational analysis, segmentation, digital quantification, and artificial intelligence brings teaching closer to current practice in Anatomic Pathology, encouraging autonomy, digital literacy, critical thinking, and collaborative learning.
• LínguaLanguage

  Português
• TipoType

  Semestral
• ECTS

  5
• NaturezaNature

  Mandatory
• EstágioInternship

  Não